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Conlon battled with lung cancer for a lengthy period before his death on 21 June 2014 in his native Belfast. His sister Ann McKernan died on 2 April 2018.

After his release from prison, Conlon had problems adjusting to civilian life, suffering two nervous breakdowns, attempting suicide, and becoming addicted to alcohol and other drugs. He eventually recovered and became a campaigner against various miscarriages of justice in the United Kingdom and around the world.Gerry Conlon also made a cameo appearance in the film Face (1997) alongside Robert Carlyle.

Conlon described his experience of injustice in his book Proved Innocent (1990). After that, he became a leading character in the film In the Name of the Father (1993), in which he was portrayed by Daniel Day-Lewis.

Conlon continued to protest his innocence, insisting that police had tortured him into making a false confession. On 19 October 1989, his position was vindicated when the Guildford Four were freed after the Court of Appeal in London ruled that police had fabricated the handwritten interrogation notes used in the conviction. Crucial evidence proving Conlon could not have carried out the bombings had been held back by the police from the original trial. Most notably, the police falsely claimed that they had been unable to locate Charles Burke, a homeless man who Conlon had been using drugs with in a local park at the time of the bombings.

A group of Conlon's relatives, collectively known as the Maguire Seven, was convicted of being part of the bombing campaign and also spent decades in prison. Among them was his father, Giuseppe, who had travelled to London from Belfast to help his son mount a legal defence, and who died in prison in 1980. In 1991 the Maguire Seven were also exonerated. Scientists had falsely asserted that the hands of each defendant had tested positive for nitroglycerine.

Conlon, along with fellow Irishmen Paul Hill and Paddy Armstrong and Englishwoman Carole Richardson, became the so-called Guildford Four convicted on 22 October 1975 of planting two bombs a year earlier in the Surrey town of Guildford, which killed five people and injured dozens more. The four were sentenced to life in prison. At their trial the judge told the defendants, "If hanging were still an option you would have been executed."

In 1974, at age 20, Conlon went to England to seek work and to escape the everyday violence he was encountering on the streets of Belfast. He was living with a group of squatters in London when he was arrested for the Guildford pub bombings, which occurred on 5 October the same year.

Gerard "Gerry" Conlon (1 March 1954 – 21 June 2014) was one of the Guildford Four who spent 15 years in prison after being wrongly convicted of being a Provisional IRA bomber.